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Pris: 414 SEK exkl. moms  |  This book is the first ever comprehensive analysis of the scope and role of the exemption clause in Article 80 of the International Sales Convention (CISG). The book accounts for the historical background of Article 80, the relation to other provisions (Articles 77 and 79), the underlying principles and the connection to good faith, and argues that the provision is an expression of the duty to cooperate.
Furthermore, the conditions for applying the exemption rule and the legal consequences of application are clarified to the benefit of any practitioner. A chapter on homeward trends points out some of the challenges that Article 80 poses to international uniformity. Extensive comparisons to UPICC and PECL are carried out. The book is relevant to scholars, adjudicators and practitioners alike.
Contents
Preface v
Chapter vii
Abbreviations and Terminology xv
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Article 80 and the Goal of Uniformity 2
1.2 Purpose and Relevance 4
1.3 Delimitation 6
1.4 Outline of Presentation 6
2. Methodology Considerations
2.1 The General Rules of Interpretation 9
2.1.1 Application as Customary Law 10
2.1.2 Relevance of State to State Regulation 11
2.1.3 Purpose and Political Nature of the CISG 13
2.2 The Specific Rule of Autonomous Interpretation 17
2.2.1 Considering the International Character of CISG 19
2.2.2 Promoting Uniform Application 22
2.2.2.1 Accessibility of Case Law 25
2.2.2.2 Scholarly Works 26
2.2.3 Interpreting in Good Faith 27
2.3 Litteral Interpretation as the Starting Point 30
2.3.1 Discrepancies Between the Convention Texts 32
2.4 Supplementing the Convention Text 35
2.4.1 How to Identify Underlying Principles 36
2.4.2 Implications of Having Identified Underlying Principles 38
2.4.2.1 Expansion of Scope of the CISG 38
2.4.2.2 Expansion of Interpretation Aids 39
2.5 The Use of Soft Law as Interpretation Aid 40
2.5.1 Sources of Lex Mercatoria 42
2.5.2 Value of Soft Law and Interpretation Aid 45
2.5.3 Temporal Issue 46
2.5.4 Limits to the Use of Soft Law 47
2.6 Sources Superseding the Convention Text
2.6.1 The Unequivocal Agreement by the Parties 48
2.6.2 Interpretation of the Parties’ Agreement 49
2.6.3 Relevance of Practice and Usages 52
2.7 The Methodology and Sources Summarised 55
3. Development 59
3.1 ULIS and ULF 60
3.2 The Drafting of CISG and Article 80 62
3.2.1 Wording and Placement 63
3.2.2 Motivation to Maximise Adoption 66
3.2.3 A Last-Minute Inclusion 67
3.2.4 An Expression of an Underlying Principle 68
3.2.5 Broad Interpretation Appropriate 69
3.3 Developments Compared to the Pre-CISG Rule 70
3.4 Latest Developments in Other Instruments 73
3.5 Concluding Argument 75
4. Comparison to Other Provisions
4.1 A Unique Concept of Contribution to Failure to Perform 77
4.1.1 Systematic Context 78
4.1.2 The Cause of the Detriment 79
4.1.2.1 Impediments Beyond Control 80
4.1.2.2 Mitigation of Loss 81
4.1.2.3 The Promisee’s Contribution to Promisor’s
Non-Performance 82
4.1.3 Foreseeability and Duty to Avoid / Overcome the Cause
of Detriment 85
4.1.3.1 Strict Conditions under Article 79 86
4.1.3.2 Less Strict Conditions under Article 77 87
4.1.3.3 Lowest Restriction under Article 80 88
4.1.4 Burden of Proof 90
4.1.5 Duty to Give Notice 92
4.1.6 Remedies Affected 93
4.2 A Supplementary Rule 94
4.2.1 Conformity, Article 35 95
4.2.2 Price Reduction, Article 50 99
4.2.3 Third Party Rights, Article 42 100
4.3 Lex Specialis 102
4.4 Concluding Argument 103
5. Underlying Principles and Good Faith 107
5.1 Principles Underlying Article 80 109
5.1.1 Positively Phrased Duties 110
5.1.2 Negatively Phrased Duties 113
5.2 A General Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 116
5.2.1 Article 80’s Connection to Good Faith 119
5.2.2 Controversy During the Drafting 122
5.2.2.1 Arguments Contrary to a General Duty 123
5.2.2.2 Arguments in Favour of a General Duty 124
5.2.2.3 Subsequent Development 125
5.2.2.4 Common Law Development 127
5.2.2.5 A Common Core 131
5.3 Article 80 as a Solution to the Dangers of Good Faith 133
5.3.1 Definition and Dangers of Good Faith 134
5.3.2 Overlap in Application of Article 80, Underlying
Principles and Good Faith 137
5.4 Concluding Argument 141
6. Conditions for Exemption
6.1 Non-performance by the Promisor 143
6.1.1 Non-performance Imputable to Both Parties 145
6.1.2 Suspension of Performance as Breach of Contract 146
6.2 Causal Link to the Promisee 147
6.2.1 Sole Causation and Competing Causes 147
6.2.1.1 Promisee’s Sole Interference 148
6.2.1.2 Mixed Causation 150
6.2.1.3 Shared Responsibility 152
6.2.2 Requirements to the Strength of the Causal Link 157
6.3 Act or Omission by the Promisee 162
6.3.1 Direct Interference and Breach of Duties 163
6.3.2 Indirect Interference 164
6.3.3 Breaking the Synallagma of Contract and Lack of Cooperation 166
6.3.4 Omissions 168
6.3.5 Conduct by Employees, Third Parties and Agents 169
6.3.6 Contractual Behaviour and Conditions 171
6.4 Burden of Proof 172
6.4.1 Burden of Proof Governed by Presumptions and Principles 173
6.4.2 Failing Promisor’s Burden to Prove Interference 175
6.5 Duty to Give Notice 177
6.6 Concluding Argument 179
7. Legal Consequences
7.1 The Promisee’s Position 181
7.1.1 Remedies Following from the Convention 182
7.1.2 Remedies Following from the Contract 183
7.1.3 Remedies Following from Domestic Contract Law 184
7.1.4 Remedies Following from Domestic Tort Law 186
7.1.4.1 The Non-cumul and the Pre-emption Approach 188
7.1.4.2 The Cumulative and the Merging Approach 189
7.1.4.3 The Functional Equivalent and the Protected
Interests Approaches 192
7.1.5 The Temporal Effect of Article 80 – Excused in Total or in Part 195
7.1.5.1 Total Exemption 195
7.1.5.2 Partial Exemption and Pro Rata Apportionment 196
7.2 The Promisor’s Position 200
7.2.1 The Right to Counter-Performance 200
7.2.2 Supplementary Claims 201
7.2.3 Consequential Costs and Benefits 202
7.3 Concluding Argument 203
8. Domestic Law and Homeward Trends 205
8.1 Comparing Legal Systems 206
8.1.1 Criteria Selected 207
8.1.2 Selection of Countries 208
8.2 The Three Legal Families 210
8.3 Ignorance in Transformation 211
8.3.1 Norway and Iceland 212
8.3.1.1 Article 80 in NSGA 213
8.3.1.2 Systematic Placement 214
8.3.1.3 Already in Existence 214
8.3.2 Denmark 215
8.3.2.1 Article 80 Equivalent in DSGA 215
8.3.2.2 Systematic Placement 216
8.3.3 Finland and Sweden 217
8.3.3.1 Article 80 Equivalent 218
8.3.3.2 Systematic Placement 218
8.3.4 Comparison and Effect 219
8.4 Possible Ethnocentric Application by China and Russia 223
8.4.1 Article 80 Equivalent in CCRF and CCL 224
8.4.1.1 Russia 225
8.4.1.2 China 229
8.4.2 Systematic Placement and Style 234
8.4.3 Effect 235
8.5 Concluding Argument 236
9. Conclusions
9.1 Conclusion 239
9.2 The Goal of Uniformity 241
9.3 Perspective and Future 242
Bibliography 247
Case Law and Arbitral Awards 260
Other Materials 267
Index 271 | | |
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